English (3110002) Semester 1 & 2 Summer 2026 GTU Solved Paper

Do as Directed in the brackets.

1. One of my friends ___ (have/has) the nice collection of pens. (choose the correct option from the bracket and rewrite)
2. Neither my mother nor yours would give us (her/their) permission to ride a motorcycle at this age. (choose the correct option from the bracket and rewrite)
3. My teacher is my friend and mentor because (she/they) answers all my questions. (choose the correct option from the bracket and rewrite)
4. The person

Correct the following sentences.

1. The teacher distributed the papers between many students of the class.
2. I had went for a walk every morning in the garden.
3. My friend and I am going to attend the extra class tomorrow.
4. Riya was the only person who performed well in the match and won the medal for himself.
5. I met an European person on the bus.
6. Can you replay the last song again?
7. India is one of the most beautiful country in the world.

1. The teacher distributed the papers among many students of the class.

• Correction: Use "among" for distribution to more than two persons; "between" is reserved for two.

1. I went for a walk every morning in the garden. (or: I go for a walk every morning in the garden.)

• Correction: "Had went" is grammatically incorrect. Use simple past "went" or simple present "go" for habitual actions.

1. My friend and I are going to attend the extra class tomorrow.

• Correction: Two subjects joined by "and" ("My friend and I") form a compound plural subject and require the plural verb "are".

1. Riya was the only person who performed well in the match and won the medal for herself.

• Correction: "Riya" is feminine singular, so the reflexive pronoun must be "herself", not "himself".

1. I met a European person on the bus.

• Correction: "European" begins with a consonant sound /j/ ("yu"), so the indefinite article "a" is required, not "an".

1. Can you replay the last song? (or: Can you play the last song again?)

• Correction: "Replay" already means to play again; adding "again" is a redundant error.

1. India is one of the most beautiful countries in the world.

• Correction: The phrase "one of the..." is always followed by a plural noun ("countries").

Identify / underline the principal clause in the given sentences.

1. As soon as you call me, I will come.
2. The king ordered the courtiers to attack the enemy if he tried to cross the border.
3. Wait till i come back.

A principal clause (independent clause) contains a subject and a finite verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence.

1. As soon as you call me, I will come.

• Principal Clause: I will come
  (Subordinate clause: "As soon as you call me")

1. The king ordered the courtiers to attack the enemy if he tried to cross the border.

• Principal Clause: The king ordered the courtiers to attack the enemy
  (Subordinate clause: "if he tried to cross the border")

1. Wait till I come back.

• Principal Clause: Wait (an imperative clause with implied subject 'you')
  (Subordinate clause: "till I come back")

Identify whether the given sentences are Simple, Compound or Complex.

1. I could not attend the class because I was ill.
2. We shall meet tomorrow to play the games.
3. He couldn’t reach on time and he missed the train.
4. The president is going to visit my city on Friday with all the ministers.

1. I could not attend the class because I was ill.

• Type: Complex Sentence
• Reason: It consists of one independent clause ("I could not attend the class") and one dependent clause ("because I was ill") connected by the subordinating conjunction because.

1. We shall meet tomorrow to play the games.

• Type: Simple Sentence
• Reason: It contains only one independent finite clause ("We shall meet tomorrow") with a single subject and finite verb, accompanied by an infinitive phrase ("to play the games").

1. He couldn’t reach on time and he missed the train.

• Type: Compound Sentence
• Reason: It has two independent clauses ("He couldn’t reach on time" and "he missed the train") joined by the coordinating conjunction and.

1. The president is going to visit my city on Friday with all the ministers.

• Type: Simple Sentence
• Reason: It contains only one independent clause with a single subject ("The president") and finite verb phrase ("is going to visit").

Write a paragraph on the following topic keeping in view the principles of paragraph writing. ● The Effect on Social Media on Youth

The Effect of Social Media on Youth

Social media has fundamentally transformed how modern youth communicate, learn, and interact with the world, bringing both remarkable opportunities and serious challenges. On the positive side, digital platforms like LinkedIn, YouTube, and educational forums serve as valuable hubs for learning, networking, and creative expression. They allow young individuals to build communities across borders, raise awareness about global issues, and access specialized educational content instantly. However, excessive and uncontrolled usage causes serious adverse consequences. Constant exposure to curated, idealized portrayals of peers' lives often fosters unrealistic expectations, giving rise to social anxiety, low self-esteem, and the fear of missing out (FOMO). Furthermore, the sedentary lifestyle associated with excessive screen time disrupts healthy sleep patterns, degrades academic focus, and lowers real-world social engagement. Cyberbullying and data privacy threats also place emotional strain on impressionable young minds. Therefore, while social media provides unmatched connectivity and educational potential, youth must cultivate digital discipline and maintain a healthy balance between virtual interactions and real-life experiences to safeguard their mental and physical well-being.

How can the coherence in the paragraph writing be maintained? Explain with an example.

Maintaining Coherence in Paragraph Writing

Coherence refers to the logical connection, smooth flow, and clear progression of ideas within a paragraph. When a paragraph is coherent, sentences transition naturally into one another without abrupt breaks.

Coherence can be maintained through the following techniques:

1. Logical Order of Ideas: Arranging details chronologically, spatially, or in order of importance.
2. Use of Transitional Words (Connectors): Using linking devices such as furthermore, however, therefore, in addition, consequently to signal relationships between thoughts.
3. Consistent Pronouns: Using pronouns accurately to refer back to preceding nouns without creating ambiguity.
4. Repetition of Key Words/Synonyms: Reinforcing the central theme throughout the paragraph.
5. Parallel Sentence Structure: Using identical grammatical structures to present coordinate ideas.

Example:

• Incoherent: Solar energy is beneficial. Fossil fuels pollute. It saves money. People install panels. The sun shines.
• Coherent: Solar energy provides an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional power. First, unlike fossil fuels, it does not release harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In addition, installing solar panels reduces monthly electricity bills for homeowners. Consequently, adopting this renewable source benefits both the planet and personal finances.

Use correct Punctuation marks and capitalization in the following sentences.

1. he said to him i cant come to visit the taj mahal
2. Oh that is very sad
3. I bought mangoes bananas pineapples and plums
4. why cant you come on time

1. He said to him, "I can't come to visit the Taj Mahal."

• Changes: Capitalized initial "H", added comma after "him", used quotation marks for direct speech, capitalized "I", added apostrophe in "can't", capitalized proper noun "Taj Mahal", and closed with a period inside quotes.

1. Oh, that is very sad! (or: Oh! That is very sad.)

• Changes: Capitalized "O", placed a comma or exclamation mark after the interjection "Oh", and added a terminal exclamation mark or period.

1. I bought mangoes, bananas, pineapples, and plums.

• Changes: Added commas to separate items in a series.

1. Why can't you come on time?

• Changes: Capitalized initial "W", inserted apostrophe in the contraction "can't", and added a question mark at the end.

Illustrate the steps and principles of paragraph writing.

Steps and Principles of Paragraph Writing

A paragraph is a group of coherent sentences focused on a single central idea. Effective paragraph writing requires following a clear sequence of steps and core principles.

+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|               STEPS IN PARAGRAPH WRITING                    |
|  Pre-writing (Brainstorming) -> Drafting -> Revising/Editing|
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|             KEY PRINCIPLES OF A GOOD PARAGRAPH              |
|  1. Unity         2. Order        3. Coherence    4. Variety|
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

---

I. Steps in Paragraph Writing

1. Pre-writing & Planning:

• Choose a specific topic.
• Brainstorm points, supporting evidence, facts, and relevant examples.
• Develop an outline organizing points from strongest to weakest or chronologically.

1. Drafting:

• Topic Sentence: Write an opening statement containing the central idea.
• Supporting Details: Expand with 3 to 5 sentences that explain, elaborate, or prove the main assertion using facts, data, or illustrations.
• Concluding Sentence: Summarize the paragraph's main argument and provide a definitive closure.

1. Revising and Editing:

• Review for logical flow, grammatical accuracy, subject-verb agreement, punctuation, and appropriate vocabulary.

---

II. Core Principles of Paragraph Writing

• 1. Unity: Every sentence must strictly relate to and develop the single controlling idea stated in the topic sentence. Extraneous or off-topic ideas must be removed.
• 2. Order (Logical Arrangement): Ideas must follow a natural sequence—such as chronological order (time-based), spatial order, or cause-and-effect.
• 3. Coherence: Thoughts must link smoothly. This is accomplished through transitional words (moreover, consequently, however), parallel grammar, and clear pronoun references.
• 4. Variety: Sentence structures and lengths should vary (mixing simple, compound, and complex sentences) to maintain reader interest.
• 5. Completeness: The topic must be fully developed with adequate supporting details so the reader is not left with unanswered questions.

Define the term “Classifying” with examples.

Definition of Classifying

Classifying (or classification) is the systematic process of grouping items, ideas, data, or phenomena into distinct categories or classes based on shared characteristics, properties, or established criteria.

In technical and formal communication, classification breaks down broad or complex subjects into manageable, well-defined divisions, making information easier to analyze and understand.

Structural Framework of Classification

• Broad Subject: The general entity being analyzed.
• Basis/Criterion: The specific principle used for grouping (e.g., function, state, chemical composition).
• Sub-categories: The resulting groups containing shared attributes.

Examples:

1. Classification of Matter (by physical state):

• Solids (fixed shape and volume, e.g., iron).
• Liquids (indefinite shape, fixed volume, e.g., water).
• Gases (indefinite shape and volume, e.g., oxygen).

1. Classification of Musical Instruments (by sound generation mechanism):

• String instruments (e.g., guitar, violin).
• Wind instruments (e.g., flute, trumpet).
• Percussion instruments (e.g., drums, tabla).

Differentiate between Defining and describing with examples.

Differentiating Defining and Describing

While defining answers "What is it?", describing answers "What does it look like, or how does it behave?"

| Parameter | Defining | Describing | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Core Purpose | States the exact identity, category, and distinguishing boundary of a term. | Provides sensory details, physical attributes, functions, and working characteristics. | | Focus | Focuses on essential, universal meaning (conceptual boundary). | Focuses on appearance, composition, parts, and behavior (concrete presentation). | | Standard Formula | Term = Class/Category + Distinguishing Characteristics (Differentia). | Details regarding size, shape, color, parts, texture, and working method. | | Scope | Concise, formal, and objective; usually 1–2 sentences. | Elaborate and flexible; spans multiple sentences or paragraphs. |

Illustrative Examples

• Example 1: Thermometer
• Definition: "A thermometer is an instrument (class) used to measure temperature (distinguishing function)."
• Description: "A standard clinical thermometer consists of a narrow graduated glass tube with a bulb at one end containing mercury. When exposed to heat, the mercury expands and rises along a calibrated numerical scale."

• Example 2: Computer
• Definition: "A computer is an electronic device that accepts raw data, processes it according to stored instructions, and produces meaningful output."
• Description: "The desktop computer setup comprises a slim LED monitor, an external keyboard, a wireless mouse, and a rectangular CPU tower equipped with multi-core processors, memory chips, and input/output ports."

Write the phonetic transcription for the given words. (any seven) Duty, Easy, Of, Plan, Father, hour, Bee, face, fire, Yes,

Phonetic transcriptions using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

1. Duty: /ˈdjuːti/ (or /ˈduːti/)
2. Easy: /ˈiːzi/
3. Of: /ɒv/ (weak form: /əv/)
4. Plan: /plæn/
5. Father: /ˈfɑːðə(r)/
6. Hour: /ˈaʊə(r)/
7. Bee: /biː/
8. Face: /feɪs/
9. Fire: /ˈfaɪə(r)/
10. Yes: /jes/

Write an introduction for the given topic. (5 lines) ● Health is Wealth

Introduction: Health is Wealth

The age-old adage "Health is Wealth" highlights that physical and mental well-being forms the true foundation of human prosperity. While material riches can purchase comfort, they hold little value without a sound body and a peaceful mind to enjoy them. Robust health empowers an individual to work efficiently, achieve personal goals, and maintain an optimistic outlook on life. Conversely, failing health depletes both financial savings and personal happiness. Therefore, preserving one's health through clean habits, nutritious food, and regular exercise is far more valuable than accumulating material possessions.

Write the conclusion for the following paragraph. (5 lines)

Pollution Environmental pollution refers to the presence of harmful and poisonous substances into our environment. It is not only limited to air pollution but can also affect water bodies, soil, forests, aquatic life and all the land living species as well. The main factors leading to environmental pollution are human generated. Since ages we have been interfering with the environment in order to expand our habitat and to make living easy. Humans have invented automobiles, set up factories, cut down forests to make way for roads and cities – all compromising environmental health. Inadequate waste disposal and its littering have resulted in polluting our oceans and water bodies, rendering them useless and threatening the life of the species which depend on them.

Conclusion for the Paragraph on Pollution

To conclude, unchecked environmental pollution poses a severe existential threat to the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. Because this crisis is primarily driven by human activities, the responsibility for reversing the damage also rests upon our collective actions. We must immediately adopt sustainable practices, enforce stringent industrial waste regulations, and transition to eco-friendly alternatives. Preserving our forests and water bodies is no longer an optional choice, but an urgent necessity for the survival of future generations. Only through disciplined, unified conservation efforts can we restore ecological harmony to our planet.

Write the words for the phonetic transcription given below. (any seven) /'weɪt/ /'raɪt/ /'tri:/ /'kwestʃən/ /ɪgˌzæmɪ'neɪʃən/ /'frend/ /mə'ʃi:n/ /'tʃɪldrən/ /'teɪk/

The corresponding English words for the given phonetic transcriptions are:

1. /ˈweɪt/: Wait (or Weight)
2. /ˈraɪt/: Right (or Write / Rite)
3. /ˈtriː/: Tree
4. /ˈkwestʃən/: Question
5. /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃən/: Examination
6. /ˈfrend/: Friend
7. /məˈʃiːn/: Machine
8. /ˈtʃɪldrən/: Children
9. /ˈteɪk/: Take

What will you take care of while drafting a professional email message?

Key Considerations for Drafting a Professional Email

When writing a professional email, keep the following core practices in mind:

1. Clear and Informative Subject Line: Write a concise subject line that immediately informs the reader of the email's topic (e.g., "Leave Application - Mechanical Dept - John Doe").
2. Professional Salutation: Use formal greetings such as "Dear Dr. Sharma," or "Dear Mr. Patel," rather than informal greetings like "Hey" or "Hi guys".
3. Concise and Structured Body:

• Open with the primary objective in the first two sentences.
• Use short paragraphs, clear headings, or bullet points to ensure readability.
• Maintain a courteous, professional tone and avoid slang, abbreviations, or ALL CAPS.

1. Definite Call to Action (CTA): Clearly state the next step, response date, or required deliverables.
2. Professional Sign-off & Signature: Close with a formal valediction (such as "Sincerely," or "Warm regards,") followed by your full name, title, department, and contact details.
3. Proofreading & Attachments: Review for typos, grammar, and tone before sending, and verify that all referenced attachments are actually included.

Read the paragraph below and answer the questions. AI, which stands for artificial intelligence, is a branch of computer science that develops machine systems capable of demonstrating behaviors linked to human intelligence. AI programs use data collected from different interactions to improve the way they mimic humans in order to perform tasks such as learning, planning, knowledge representation, perception and problem-solving. AI systems need to be built based on three main cognitive skills: (1) Learning: An AI program needs to be able to gather information that is turned into algorithms. (2) Reasoning: Once the algorithms are set, the AI needs to know how to select the right one for different scenarios. (3) Self-correction: In any AI machine, the algorithms need to be regularly updated based on new data in order to get a more accurate result. The primary benefit of using AI is that these systems can potentially complete tasks better and more efficiently than humans. This is especially relevant when it comes to mundane or repetitive tasks, which these machines are able to perform at a higher pace and with a much lower chance of error.

Questions:

1. Define AI.
2. How does AI work?
3. In which type of work AI is more effective than humans?
4. Assign appropriate Title to the Paragraph.

Answers:

1. Definition of AI:
   Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science focused on developing machine systems capable of demonstrating behaviors and cognitive functions associated with human intelligence, such as learning, perception, and problem-solving.

1. How AI Works:
   AI works by utilizing data collected from various interactions to mimic human behavior through three core cognitive skills:

• Learning: Gathering information and converting it into rules/algorithms.
• Reasoning: Selecting the most appropriate algorithm for a given context.
• Self-correction: Continuously updating and refining algorithms with fresh data to improve accuracy.

1. Work Where AI is More Effective Than Humans:
   AI is particularly more effective than humans in executing mundane or repetitive tasks, which it performs at a much faster pace and with a significantly lower rate of error.

1. Appropriate Title:
   "Artificial Intelligence: Principles, Mechanisms, and Benefits" (or: "Understanding Artificial Intelligence and its Working").

You are the Principal of Government Engineering College, Pune. Draft a memo in a proper format to inform your faculties regarding revised rules for students’ discipline in the college campus.

Internal Memorandum

=======================================================================
                  GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PUNE                 
                      INTERNAL MEMORANDUM                              
=======================================================================

REF NO: GECP/ADMIN/DISC/2026/104                       DATE: 3 July 2026

TO:      All Faculty Members, All Departments
FROM:    Dr. A. K. Joshi, Principal
SUBJECT: Revised Rules for Student Campus Discipline
=======================================================================

This is to notify all faculty members that the Academic Advisory Board has revised the student discipline regulations to cultivate an orderly, safe, and academically focused environment across the campus. These rules take effect from 10th July 2026.

All faculty members are requested to review and strictly enforce the following updated guidelines:

1. Mandatory Identity Cards: Students must wear their physical institutional ID cards prominently around their necks at all times within the campus premises. Defaulters must be barred from entering classrooms and laboratories.
2. Mobile Phone Restrictions: Mobile phone use is strictly prohibited during instructional hours, laboratories, and inside the central library. Devices used without instructor permission should be confiscated and reported to the Department Head.
3. Punctuality and Attendance: Entry into classrooms will be closed five minutes after the scheduled commencement of lectures. A minimum of 75% attendance remains strictly mandatory to be eligible for end-semester examinations.
4. Campus Dress Code & Decorum: Students must adhere to the formal college dress code. Loitering in corridors, cafeterias, or open lawns during scheduled instructional hours is strictly prohibited.
5. Anti-Ragging and Zero-Tolerance Policy: Any act of verbal, physical, or digital harassment, ragging, or damage to institute property will lead to immediate suspension and referral to the Disciplinary Committee.

Faculty members are requested to read these guidelines in their respective classrooms and lead by example in monitoring compliance.

Your active cooperation is essential to maintain the academic standard and dignity of our institution.

(Signature) Dr. A. K. Joshi Principal, Government Engineering College, Pune

Copy to:

1. All Heads of Departments (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Computer, EC)
2. Campus Security Office
3. Notice Boards (Staff & Departmental)

Complete the following sentences by adding a required clause to make them meaningful.

1. ………………………………. you tell me.
2. The nation will be able to achieve it ……………………………
3. The students have to be in discipline……………………………

1. I will not disclose the secret unless you tell me.
   (Alternative: I cannot take any action until you tell me.)

1. The nation will be able to achieve it if every citizen contributes honestly to economic development.
   (Alternative: when modern technology is embraced across all sectors.)

1. The students have to be in discipline so that they can build a successful professional career.
   (Alternative: while they are attending lectures on the campus.)

Précis Writing: Read the following paragraph carefully and summarise it in ⅓ of its total length. Also give a suitable title.

One of our most difficult problems is what we call discipline and it is really very complex. You see, society feels that it must control or discipline the citizen, shape his mind according to certain religious, social, moral and economic patterns. Now, is discipline necessary at all? Please listen carefully. Don’t immediately say YES or NO. Most of us feel, especially while we are young, that there should be no discipline, that we should be allowed to do whatever we like and we think that is freedom. But merely to say that we should be free and so on has very little meaning without understanding the whole problem of discipline. The keen athlete is disciplining himself the whole time, isn't s/he? His joy in playing games and the very necessity to keep fit makes him go to bed early, refrain from smoking, eat the right food and generally observe the rules of good health. His discipline and punctuality is not an imposition but a natural outcome of his enjoyment of athletics. (170 words)

Title: The True Essence of Discipline

Précis:

Discipline is often viewed by youth as an unwelcome social restraint that limits freedom. However, genuine freedom cannot exist without understanding the true purpose of discipline. Real discipline is not an arbitrary rule forced from the outside; rather, it grows naturally from personal dedication. Just as an athlete gladly adopts a healthy, rigorous lifestyle to excel at sports, true discipline emerges organically as a willing pursuit of one's goals rather than a burdensome obligation.

--- Word Count Analysis:

• Original Text: ~170 words
• Précis Target: ~57 words (⅓ length)
• Précis Word Count: 60 words

You are the manager of Tech Solution Pvt. Ltd, Central Building, Ahmedabad. You purchased 100 computers, printers and projectors from CPD Computers Pvt. Ltd., Chandni Chawk, Delhi. On receiving the consignment, you found that a few items were damaged and not working. Draft a letter of complaint with all the details of damaged items.

Complaint Letter

TECH SOLUTION PVT. LTD. Central Building, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad – 380009 Contact: +91 79 2658XXXX | Email: purchase@techsolution.com

Ref. No.: TSPL/PUR/2026/089 Date: 3 July 2026

To, The Sales & Dispatch Manager, CPD Computers Pvt. Ltd., Chandni Chowk, Delhi – 110006

Subject: Complaint regarding damaged goods received against Purchase Order No. TS/PO/2026/412

Dear Sir/Madam,

We had placed a bulk order for 100 Desktop Computers, 100 Laser Printers, and 100 Multimedia Projectors via Purchase Order No. TS/PO/2026/412 dated 15th June 2026. The consignment was delivered to our Ahmedabad facility on 1st July 2026 via Safexpress Logistics (Consignment Note No. SE-882910).

Upon unboxing and technical inspection by our engineering team, we observed that several packages were crushed and their equipment damaged or non-functional. The details of the damaged goods are listed below:

| Item Description | Model / Serial No. | Quantity Received Damaged | Nature of Defect | | :--- | :--- | :---: | :--- | | Desktop Computers | Model: ProDesk 400 G7 | 08 Units | Cracked cabinet shells; power supplies failed to turn on. | | Laser Printers | Model: LaserJet Pro M404dn | 05 Units | Broken paper feeder trays and severe toner leakage inside internal rollers. | | Multimedia Projectors | Model: EB-E01 XGA | 04 Units | Shattered projection lenses and internal lamp failure. |

Because this order is intended for an upcoming corporate training program, these defective deliveries have disrupted our schedule. The damage appears to have resulted from inadequate protective packaging and mishandling during road transit.

Given our ongoing business relationship, we request you to arrange an immediate free replacement of the 17 damaged items within seven working days. Please also instruct your local logistics representative to collect the damaged goods from our premises.

We look forward to your prompt response and confirmation of dispatch.

Yours sincerely,

(Signature)

Rajesh Patel Manager (Procurement & Operations) Tech Solution Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad

Enclosures:

1. Copy of Delivery Challan
2. Copy of Purchase Order No. TS/PO/2026/412
3. Photographic evidence of damaged packages and units